There's been a lot of discussion about System 1 and System 2 processing on the boards, as in Daniel Kahneman's "Thinking, Fast and Slow". I recently came across a survey of the field by Keith Frankish and Jonathan Evans. I meant to read it myself and then recommend it, but I haven't had a chance to read it yet, so I'll recommend it sight unseen.
Frankish is a philosopher whose work is very much driven by contemporary cognitive science and knows a great deal about this area (I read a book of his several years ago when I was working on related topics), while Evans is a psychologist who I'm less familiar with, but I think he's a major figure in these areas.
So if you're interested in an academic introduction to this area, my bet is that this paper will be worth reading.