Review: Mastering Basic Corner Shapes - Step-by-step

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Re: Review: Mastering Basic Corner Shapes - Step-by-step

Post by tundra »

John Fairbairn wrote:...so as to point up the wider (and proven) educational advantages...
(Emphasis mine.)

Please, if you know of any rigorous studies that have found such an effect, please share them.

I admit, I am rather skeptical that go, or any game for that matter, has such effects. I am of the gruff and grumpy sort, who believes that if you want to do better at your school subjects, then, well, use the time to study your school subjects*. But I would be quite happy to be proved wrong ;-)

(* Of course, if a student wants to delve more deeply into a subject outside the classroom, e.g., learning more history or biology on their own, then that can be very useful. It may even come back to help them in their courses. But in my opinion, this sort of extra study is different from studying go, interesting as the latter may be.)
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Re: Review: Mastering Basic Corner Shapes - Step-by-step

Post by John Fairbairn »

Out of laziness, I am including chess in my answer, but there is the big Chess in Schools project in the UK and they quote things like a study by educational psychologist Stuart Margulies in 1996 which found that elementary school students in Los Angeles and New York who played chess scored approximately 10 percentage points higher on reading tests than their peers who didn't play.

The example I like best in go is that getting a 5-dan diploma in go is a good way to ensure entry into the elite Fudan University in Shanghai. Or so I was told.

Even over here, I have been struck by the number of who tell me they or their children take up Chinese or Japanese after learning about go (there is much more to go than getting to 1-dan, remember).
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Re: Review: Mastering Basic Corner Shapes - Step-by-step

Post by tundra »

John Fairbairn wrote:Out of laziness, I am including chess in my answer, but there is the big Chess in Schools project in the UK and they quote things like a study by educational psychologist Stuart Margulies in 1996 which found that elementary school students in Los Angeles and New York who played chess scored approximately 10 percentage points higher on reading tests than their peers who didn't play.
Thanks. This may be Margulies' paper (or at least, a preliminary report):
"The effect of chess on reading scores: District nine chess program second year report", by Stuart Margulies:
https://rknights.org/wp-content/uploads/margulies.pdf

There is also this report, from 2017, which finds that chess may help with mathematics scores as well:

"Your move: The effect of chess on mathematics test scores", by Michael Rosholm, Mai Bjørnskov Mikkelsen, Kamilla Gumede:
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/artic ... ne.0177257
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/artic ... =printable

Interesting. This does raise the question, though: Is there anything special about chess? Or would other board games, such as go, but also checkers, shogi, and xiangqi, have similar benefits? Perhaps even gomoku?

It also suggests that the Nihon Kiin is missing an opportunity here. (Or perhaps they have already done this, and it shows my ignorance.) Japanese universities certainly have psychology departments (apparently the University of Tokyo has had one for well over a century). Perhaps the Nihon Kiin should fund some rigorous studies of these effects. If it all worked out, it would give them a very strong base for promoting the game to the public.
The example I like best in go is that getting a 5-dan diploma in go is a good way to ensure entry into the elite Fudan University in Shanghai. Or so I was told.
I would have to say, this example is not as clear as I would like. It seems to show that Fudan University is willing to take a 5-dan diploma as a measure of how well someone will handle the academic program. And I am willing to agree with them.

But my concern is more this: If our hypothetical 5-dan had not studied go, would he still be a strong student? True, he might not have been admitted to Fudan. (It is probably very competitive, and it probably helps to have something that distinguishes you from others.) But Fudan's policy does not really answer this question.
Even over here, I have been struck by the number of who tell me they or their children take up Chinese or Japanese after learning about go (there is much more to go than getting to 1-dan, remember).
Well, yes, I was one of those. But I found I was too old for those languages. French and German are enough of a challenge for me ;-)
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Re: Review: Mastering Basic Corner Shapes - Step-by-step

Post by gennan »

tundra wrote:Is there anything special about chess? Or would other board games, such as go, but also checkers, shogi, and xiangqi, have similar benefits? Perhaps even gomoku?
Quote from a conclusion in those articles:
the effect was limited to children who were bored and unhappy while no effect was found for happy children who were not bored. This could indicate an indirect effect of chess instruction on math through reduced boredom and increased happiness.
So any activity that's interesting enough to reduce boredom and increase happiness for bored unhappy children may be expected to have similar benefits.
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Re: Review: Mastering Basic Corner Shapes - Step-by-step

Post by JethOrensin »

John Fairbairn wrote:I have just received an unsolicited copy of this book. I was given it because I am mentioned there.
The important question though, remains.
I am very interested in reading the book (especially after your glowing review), but how can most people get a copy or if they are planning to do a pdf version, at least.
I mean if the book is meant to be free, what is easier than uploading a pdf on a website?

John Fairbairn wrote: These sorts of viewpoints seem lacking in the West. I have often advised people responsible for go publicity in Britain that the best way to promote the game may be to write up women's go in women's magazines, so as to point up the wider (and proven) educational advantages to the mothers who mostly make the educational choices for their kids. Think of snowplough (or lawnmower) parenting in the West. By contrast, Asian mothers drive combine harvesters! I have been totally ignored, of course, but I'm used to that.
I am very surprised when I see, time and again, this important note being ignored by so many people that want to promote the game.
Everyone in marketing is going crazy about "getting the younger generations" yet Go promotion seems to be somehow focused on the sort-term gains of getting the older people that can afford to buy books, boards, lessons or attend tournaments and conferences.

Well, if your kid is good (or wants to get good) at Go, then you, as a parent, will be very keen to spend the money to buy books, boards, lessons and take the kid to a tournament or a conference.
As long as the parents are convinced that this is beneficial for their child, they will be willing to spend more for their child than they would have been willing to spend if Go was their own hobby, so the "sort-term gain proponents" should have been happy with that approach, but somehow things do not seem to be rolling along those lines.

John Fairbairn wrote: I also sigh at the use of "her" for White.


I got quite a few complaints for my book not following that "convention" (which I was not aware that it existed and I was White in many cases, so they practically wanted to gender-swap me, but hey :lol: ) and at the time the people that made the complaint couldn't pinpoint from whence that idea came from.
So, since you mentioned it, is this really an actual convention nowadays that is being followed?
John Fairbairn wrote: But I mention these things to highlight, via contrast, that, for once, the English by a non-native speaker is truly excellent.

Three sponsors are listed on the cover: Korea Sports Promotion Foundation, Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism and the Korea Baduk Association. Has "Korea Got Talent?" Yes, yes, yes!
Since there are important sponsors and since the whole idea is to promote Go and provide a free Go book of quality, could we promote to the author the idea of opening it to free translations by the community, so that we can provide a good Go book to non-native speakers of English, that would like to study Go in their own language?

For example, if there is a way to contact the author, I would be willing to translate the book in Greek for free and, rest assured, other people will be willing to do so for their own languages in order to help promoting Go. :)
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Re: Review: Mastering Basic Corner Shapes - Step-by-step

Post by Cassandra »

John Fairbairn wrote:As far as I know, she is a pro 5-dan. The flyleaf of the book say 8p, ...
Yoon Young-Sun was awarded the pro 8-dan honorary for her great services to the spread of Baduk in Europe.
The really most difficult Go problem ever: https://igohatsuyoron120.de/index.htm
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Re: Review: Mastering Basic Corner Shapes - Step-by-step

Post by John Fairbairn »

For example, if there is a way to contact the author, I would be willing to translate the book in Greek for free and, rest assured, other people will be willing to do so for their own languages in order to help promoting Go. :)
I don't know the author, but I do know that this thread is being monitored. What I would say, though, is that the book has relatively little text and so would be a good candidate for the above suggestion.

I can't say why neither the pdf solution nor the Amazon on-demand solution was used. But I can think of several good reasons. One, which is often ignored or underestimated by the typical go freebie collector, is that many authors like to make corrections or updates to their work. This becomes frustrating when there are copies floating round from various sources.
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Re: Review: Mastering Basic Corner Shapes - Step-by-step

Post by Elom0 »

tundra wrote:
John Fairbairn wrote:...so as to point up the wider (and proven) educational advantages...
(Emphasis mine.)

Please, if you know of any rigorous studies that have found such an effect, please share them.

I admit, I am rather skeptical that go, or any game for that matter, has such effects. I am of the gruff and grumpy sort, who believes that if you want to do better at your school subjects, then, well, use the time to study your school subjects*. But I would be quite happy to be proved wrong ;-)

(* Of course, if a student wants to delve more deeply into a subject outside the classroom, e.g., learning more history or biology on their own, then that can be very useful. It may even come back to help them in their courses. But in my opinion, this sort of extra study is different from studying go, interesting as the latter may be.)
As it stands today, I've literally devised entire philosophical concepts based on 바둑.

It depends on how you learn it.

Most people trying to learn a skill use the method that will take you there as fast as possible, memorisation of patterns. Indeed, this it's why it's dumb for adults to think they're that much wiser or smarter than children. 80% of the difference is simply rote memorisation rather than any increase in the profoundness of their thinking.

However, these days I'm trying to learn 바둑 from a first-principles basis. I don't solve easy problems to memorise they're shapes or study opening patterns in a conscious way, instead just watching lots of 바둑TV, so I am getting the osmosis but I'm not going out of my way to memorise them. And it forces me to use higher level philosophical concepts that apply to wider areas of life, in pretty much every subject I encounter. I'd have to write a moderately sized book to collect everything,

It would take me longer to improve in the short term, but in the long-term, having a foundation of critical thinking has raised my peak ability in not just 바둑 but other things. In fact, if it were not for a type of anxiety making me feel I have ti play poorly, I'd probably be EGF 1d by now, but I tend to have wild swings in performance since I feel guilty about winning. The stronger I ger, the more I will incorporate traditional memerisation-focused approaches, but my higher critical thinkng abilities mean I can do more with the same amount of domain-specific knowledge.

I've written about something alluding to this before in the random ramblings thread, something like there being a bottle representing interdisciplinary knowledge and abilities and you can put different discipline-specific caps on it.

A note on children, if you aren't lucky to have a major tournament. The absolute #1 priority for every mindsport/棋 association is to make it accessable for poor families including the privilege of attending tournaments and getting teaching from the pros that attend. Number two is that while it seems enough people in 棋院's are so normalised to the privilege of having parents quite interested, perhaps even pro parents, to the degree that there seems to be a general blindspots to how difficult it must be for those children and in fact 棋院's do not seem to care or do much to solve specifically that issue or vastly underestimate how difficult or widespread.

I mean I find it absolutely astonishing that people can theorise genetic reasons to the average and peak differences in performance in mindsports between sexes in homosapiens, yet those same people would never be caught dead prescribing genetic reasons to why Japanese igo players could not match Chinese weiqi players cannot match they're Korean counterparts even though that would be a more logically sound opinion at least. I mean, you had debates on L19 about sex differences in playing ability when during that very time, if you just looked at the fact that population of Japanese males is 10 times that of Korean females, then Korean females are stronger, except that Korean women are getting stronger while Japanese players were in decline. See, it's all about what you focus on. Which makes the entire so-called 'debate' a farce, and also the fake neutrality people who can't seem to think of these obvious points a farce, it's highly arrogant and prideful to even be theorising, most humans claim that they care about intelligence and use it as pretty weak reasoning as to why human life is superior to other species, yet in reality they do not care about intelligence itself but only the power that comes with it, otherwise mindsports would be more popular. Yes, western civilization is especially guilty of this. At least run experiments with other simian and bird species to test if there are any actual consistent sex differences, duh, and even then the experiments might be biased by the experimenter towards how the know males in that species likely thinks compared ti females. That being said, my personality type makes me feel that if you decide, you never wanted or deserved to be able to do it in the first place. When things are important to you do it on faith even if there is a 1% chance. I like the book the bell curve, but for me it encourages me, because when I was 8 I didn't want to be smart but instead had ideal of being a person with average intelligence and pretty much average in every other respect who achieves extraordinary things through PASSION AND INTEREST, and the hardwork that naturally arises from it, more thsn innate abilty. More of a 최정先生 or Naruto and Hinata philosophy. It's a meaning of life, and since my sisters forced me to watch the first 70-something episodes of Naruto I can say it's my 棋道/Kiidou, my 棋士/Kishi way.

My suggestion is that homeschooling groups the ones who would be most forthcoming to any mindsports activity, indeed the parents would themselves relative critical thinkers relative to the general population and having children. In addition, any way to enable socialising isn't taken for granted compared to families with children. Thirdly, they are more skeptical to mainstream approaches to education and more likely to be open to alternative methods of education and see alternative subjects such as mindsports as possibly effective alternatives.

I really want to note that 윤영선先生 really did say 'Master' both the book and the video which to my mind means that seriously and intentionally studied to book and the video at least 3 times or more untily you know the right moves for every singke problem instantaneously. Considering proverbs like mastering the carpenters square makes you one dan pro by 20th century standards, probably EGF 6 dan or so today, I think the two difference between pro opinion and Robert Jaseiiek is that he is looking at shape and pattern knowledge on a wider scale of points on the board, two shapes Robert Jaseiiek would classify as different, a pro would classify as shapes with perhaps a shared smaller shape within them, and see that as what's learned. It perhaps could also be a culturally conditioned way to see things; the native speaker of a language that uses chinese characters can see all the shared radicals in the Kanji westerners who don't speak the language think are completely different, and even westerners who are learning may not use the same radicals.

And indeed, you are more likely too consider the smaller shapes the actual units of knowledge if you're idea of knowing a shape means being able to see it instantaneously after sudying it 20 times rather than it coming to mind after a few seconds because you've studied it twice before.

I determined that according to my system based not only on intelligence but also morality and scarcity, that on average bonobo life is most valueble. Perhaps other people's superstitions like living in chosei is more valueble than living triple ko, if by value you don't mean territory but luck outside the board. Again, the bell curve means there will still be many males who are more interested in students than themselves or are low-key–Bill Spight comes to mind? And females who put on a show. And there will also be males more excited about . The cause for why I like festivals and 바둑 tournaments but don't understand parties, and realised I want to be a teacher and is more excited about being a househusband putting all my focus strategically than some corporate or business career which seems dreadfully to me even if it made me a millionare. My social interpretation style of prefontoral cortex, U think being of (the are three types of overall patterns, mine is least common one). Or perhaps it just that Ewe people are naturally interested in raising the next generation, male or female. Actually. In fact, Ewes are quite similar to Chinese and Koreans in that respect, especially Koreans with the similar sounding tonal language and obsession with seniority by age and traditionally counting age from before birth, although the view is different; what's actually seen as rude isn't as much lack of deferrence to elders as much as something like saying 'how are you' to elders as a greeting, since it's seen as almost saying you think the elder is not uo to the obvious task of being the one to be seeing to whether the younger one is fine. A bit weird but hey. Cultural Bell curves. The variety among people who will read the book means that some will actually study it, and you never know, just as a blue moon might occur, some westerners may actually go through the process to master it.
Last edited by Elom0 on Sun May 21, 2023 10:08 pm, edited 2 times in total.
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Re: Review: Mastering Basic Corner Shapes - Step-by-step

Post by John Fairbairn »

Most people trying to learn a skill use the method that will take you there as fast as possible, memorisation of patterns.
This afternoon, I came across in this regard something that surprised me a lot. It was a dance class, and part of the instruction was to proceed clockwise. This had to be explained to some people. They all knew what was meant but had to stop and retrieve it from their deeper memory. Such delay, tiny though it is, in a moving dance causes hiccups for everyone. Then the instructor explained why she felt obliged to mention it. Most people now mostly look at their phones to tell the time, and the word 'clockwise' has apparently lost a lot of intuitiveness for them.

There is a related problem with anti-clockwise. Leaving aside those woke idiots who ban "anti" as negative, it does seem that in cases where quick-thinking is needed (as in dancing), when people hear 'anti-clockwise' they react mostly to the clockwise part. Which is not very helpful.

We therefore often say either widdershins or deasil. German speakers will recognise widdershins as wieder + Sinn, and deasil (pronounced jessil) is one of quite a few words from Gaelic used in English. But both these words seem to be dying out, possibly for the same iPhone reason.

A similar funny thing to do with the way the brain works is that, in practice, left is not the opposite of right. Again in quick-moving situations, 'the other right' is often a better option get, er, the right result.

Remember: L19 is the culture channel, not the AI channel!
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Re: Review: Mastering Basic Corner Shapes - Step-by-step

Post by RobertJasiek »

Elom0, since you like shapes so much, learn ie and look at my name:)
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Re: Review: Mastering Basic Corner Shapes - Step-by-step

Post by Elom0 »

RobertJasiek wrote:Elom0, since you like shapes so much, learn ie and look at my name:)
I can't believe I did that, I'm very sorry, memory was never a strong point of mine and I'm dtill not quite as sharp as I was I was 15 or so and am still making slips of thought like this, my sincere apologies, thanks for being nice about it, but I stand 100% corrected on that part! Another reason you're 5 dan and I'm not, natural ability :)!

Interestingly, speakers of East Asian Languages seem to know how to pronounce the name Elom correctly, like Michael Redmond 先生、but not so much English speakers, and I'm sure about those who speak other latin-germanic languages . . . Ewe name Elom is a short form of both Mauelom = 神愛 Selom = 運命愛. And yes, that's not coincidental, Of course ewe is related to hebrew so elom is indeed to the word elohim.

It is absolutely mind boggling that . I'm definitely not in the wokeness for wokeness' sake camp but in this case the only possible explaination. Anything to do with helping women's, but if women's 바둑 could be one that helps western 바둑 in general is dismissed because it's not as much of an ego-boosting narrative for the western national mindsport associations. The west starts a pro exam yet don't incorporate the 바둑 mum program, I wonder how serious they are about it or if it's just for show :roll:

Maybe we should do an experiment, we should find EGF single digit kyus to study nothing but this book and accompanying videos 5 times and run an experiment to see how many reach EGF 5 dan. Yes I do agree that the lack of variations does imply it's for EGF single digit kyu UNLESS the book was specifically designed to be as lightweight as possible and to be a revision supplement to videos with more variations. Indeed, if a European teacher is more likely to know how westerners are more likely to study whereas 윤영선先生 still has the idea of Aaian students who are more likely to actually try to master the book and videos by going over it multiple times, then teacher Robert Jasiek may have a practical point regarding how 80% of westerners are likely to consume the book, although a maths teacher once said that you really teach for the 20% knowing the other 80% won't manage :).
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Re: Review: Mastering Basic Corner Shapes - Step-by-step

Post by roninsum »

The limited edition of 300 volumes is almost used up but a certain number will be made available at the EGC 2023 in Leipzig.
If you are interested to get a remaining copy, please pm me, mentioning your strength and country of origin as we want to give feedback to KIBA. If there are more people interested than we have books available, a lottery is considered.

Paul Schmit, co-author
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Re: Review: Mastering Basic Corner Shapes - Step-by-step

Post by xela »

Here are some impressions after a first, quick and superficial, read through the book. There's a lot of content, and I'll need to go through it a few more times...

Robert and John give quite different descriptions above. I'm more with John. I think this is a very good book, with only a few minor irritations. It doesn't set out to be an exhaustive encylopedia, but aims to teach, and contains about the right number of variations to achieve its goal. The text has a lot of useful hints on how to think about a problem.

Out of the 50 chapters, 36 of them are sets of four related problems. The other 14 are called "Origin of the shape", and give sequences (mostly but not always joseki) showing how the problems might arise in a game.

The problems are realistic game situations, rather than composed tsumego. This means you're often looking at problems with more than one "right answer". There are some good discussions of why one solution might be better than another.

Many of the chapters break down a difficult problem into four easy stages, so it's really four instalments of "the same problem". (Can you find the last move of the sequence? Now can you understand the position a move earlier? And so on.) Other chapters explore variations on a common shape, e.g. how to defend against different attacks. Often the next chapter will look at how the sequences change according to the presence or absence of a hane, or different numbers of outside liberties, and so on. Sometimes another chapter explores how to respond to mistakes from the opponent.

The "origin..." chapters are more than just the sequence leading to the problem position. They usually recap the main ideas of the previous chapters, and often include variations, discussions of "old joseki" versus "AI joseki", and introduce new ideas.

Overall, the way the problems are organised into groups reminds me a bit of James Davies's "Life and Death" from the Elementary Go Series.

The last few chapters could be read on a different level: it's a masterclass in how to play and respond to the 3-3 invasion for different formations around the 4-4 point.

For me, the biggest problem with this book is that the chapters are not at all in order of difficulty! There are some rather complex variations early on (e.g. living with double ko, or finding the best version of an approach move ko), while some later chapters are much easier. There's an appendix on bent four in the corner, but I think if someone isn't already familiar with these concepts, then the book is on too high a level for them.

There are some other slightly odd things. The book is missing the usual front matter with publisher details, ISBN and so on. The inside front cover does list Paul Schmit as co-author, even though he's not named on the front page, and the preface acknowleges contributions from Laurent Heiser and Rob van Zeijst.

There's an "index of the chapters", with a diagram for each chapter and the page number but no text, then a separate "contents" page with the name of each chapter but no page number. Diagrams, names and page numbers all together would have been nice.

Diagrams in each chapter are numbered consecutively, and don't relate to the problems. For example, the solution to problem 4.3 is diagram 4.11. It's not a problem when you're reading everything in order, but if you refer back to a previous chapter, it would be much easier to have diagrams labelled "solution 4.3", "variation 4.3.1", and so on. Sometimes the relationship between a variation and the previous diagram isn't made as clear as it could be: instead of saying "if white plays 1 here...", it's easier for the reader if it says "if white 4 in the previous diagram is played at W1 here..." or whatever the relationship is. Sometimes, diagram captions such as "5 at 1" are missing (usually but not always noted in the errata slip).

The appendix on "neuroscience" lists a few ideas about pattern recognition, deliberate practice and so on (really more psychology of learning rather than actual neuroscience) but doesn't develop them at all. It's interesting, but not substantial enough to be useful, and doesn't feel as though it belongs here. It reads more like the introduction to another book.

Overall I'd say this book is a valuable and unique addition to the English language literature, and I would have happily paid money for it. At first sight it looks like yet another book of life and death problems, but it's actually much more than that. I hope it gets distributed more widely, and I hope there's more books on the way from Young Sun Yoon and her team.
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Re: Review: Mastering Basic Corner Shapes - Step-by-step

Post by RobertJasiek »

xela wrote:It doesn't set out to be an exhaustive encylopedia, but aims to teach, and contains about the right number of variations to achieve its goal.
Regardless of whether a book is an encylopedia, shape selection, problems and answers, theory or a hybrid, every book also aims to teach. What kind of teaching do you perceive so that you think there was about the right number of variations? Should this be the same number for every problem or differ? What do you call the book's teaching goal?
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Re: Review: Mastering Basic Corner Shapes - Step-by-step

Post by xela »

RobertJasiek wrote:Regardless of whether a book is an encylopedia, shape selection, problems and answers, theory or a hybrid, every book also aims to teach.
For me, "aims to teach" is an idiomatic English phrase that should not be taken too literally. It suggests a conscious effort on the authors' part to select and order the material in a way that will make sense to a learner, rather than a mere list of true facts (e.g. an encyclopedia or dictionary).

As an example, when I was studying chess openings in the 1990s, before modern databases, I mainly used two books. Modern Chess Openings (MCO) is a dictionary, with tens of thousands of variations, indexed in such a way that you can easily look up the variation that appeared in your own game. Reuben Fine's "Ideas behind the Chess Openings" contains many fewer variations, but they given in approximately historical order, grouped by strategic theme, and accompanied by explanatory text describing how chess strategy changed between the 19th, early 20th and mid 20th centuries. Trying to read MCO from beginning to end would be a mistake for most people. It's too much information to absorb, and later chapters do not build on earlier chapters in a logical way. I'd say that "Ideas behind the Chess Openings" aims to teach, but MCO does not, even though one might use it as part of learning.

(I'm trying to think of a clear-cut go example, but it's more difficult, at least for the English language literature. Ishida's joseki dictionary contains a lot more explanatory text and is easier to learn from than MCO, and for me falls somewhere between a reference work and a textbook. Maybe some of the Japanese endgame or tesuji dictionaries would fit my definition of "reference", but I haven't seen any of them. I can't think of a joseki equivalent for Fine's book, although I know that some of your own books are written with a similar philosophy, as is the controversial "38 Basic Joseki". If this turns into a longer conversation, maybe it should be a separate thread.)
RobertJasiek wrote:What kind of teaching do you perceive so that you think there was about the right number of variations? Should this be the same number for every problem or differ? What do you call the book's teaching goal?
"What kind of teaching": as described in my previous post.

"About the right number" refers to my intuitive judgement (based on learning and teaching various subjects over many years) that there are enough variations to illustrate the principles being taught, and not so many as to overwhelm the average reader ("average" being another intuitive judgement). There is no exact "right number". The range that I consider to be "about right" will vary according to context.

I think the book addresses multiple goals. This is another intuitive judgement, but I might include developing intuition for choosing good candidate moves, intuition for whether a shape can be killed, understanding how the status of shapes depends on outside stones, accurate reading, following up on and responding to 3-3 point invasions.
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